Changing Methods Of Explanation Within The Scientific...

Changing Methods of Explanation In the scientific community, there are numerous models used to explain data, which despite being argued over, can be used to spread knowledge. One model proposed by Hempel is the â€Å"Covering Law Model,† which can be explained when he writes: â€Å"The kind of explanation thus characterized I will call deductive nomological explanation; for it amounts to a deductive subsumption of the explanandum under principles which have the character of general laws† (Hempel, 658). Essentially, the D-N model explains scientific explanation as deductive, requiring the truth of its premises to ensure the truth of the conclusion, which also must be backed up by an accurate prediction of whichever phenomenon is being explained. However, there are problems with this model, as explained by Kim when he writes: â€Å"In a nutshell, then, the trouble is that we have had models, but not theories, of explanation† (Kim, 53). Hempel’s critics want to include metaphysics under explanation, which would essentially mean putting more emphasis on causal factors to make sense of the world, rather than using readily explainable phenomenon like gravitational pull. Though they have their disagreements with each other, I believe that both methods have merit, and adding causal realism to the Covering Law Model is currently the best solution to explaining scientific concepts. Hempel reinforces his Covering Law Model with ideas from other scientists to demonstrate its usefulness. ForShow MoreRelatedHow Has Nuclear Medicine Propagated Science And Society?922 Words   |  4 PagesHow has nuclear medicine innovated science and society? Within the last century, science faced several discoveries that caused the scientific community and society to change one another. When evaluating the scientific discoveries during the twentieth century, the decisive advancements took place in the study of nuclear physics. Affecting both science and society i nquires formed around medical uses for nuclear materials. Advanced research in nuclear science with radioisotopes allowed doctors to treatRead MoreHuman Communication : Objective Approach And Interpretive Approach904 Words   |  4 Pagesthose patterns we make predictions or assumptions about what people will or will not do or what will or will not happen. There are two scientific methods of analyzation that take two different approaches to human communication â€Å"Objective approach and Interpretive approach†. Hopefully by defining, comparing and contrasting these to two different scientific methods will illuminate some clarity to how scholars observe and analyze human communication. Although, Objective approach and the InterpretiveRead MoreScientific Contributions Of Buddhism And Technology1062 Words   |  5 Pages Chinese Buddhism and Technology Name: Hongyi Jin Student ID: 301277714 E-mail: hongyij@sfu.ca Words Counter: Contant Table: Abstract ——————————p.g Background and History —————————— p.g Scientific Contributions of Buddhism Impacts of technology to Buddhism Positive Impact ————————— Negative Impact ————————— Results of Interviews observations —————————p.g Comments and Evaluation ———————————p.g Summary ——————————— References ——————————— Abstract Read MoreLearning Increase Future Employability Of Students753 Words   |  4 Pagesanticipate and navigate a rapidly changing view of skill requirements. They will increasingly need to reassess the skills they need and quickly put together the right resources to develop and update these. Workers in the future will need to be adaptable lifelong learners. 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Science involves different branches example social science, natural science, statisticalRead MoreThe Field Of Business Contains Various Paths That Are Interconnected1560 Words   |  7 Pagesfield of marketing is ever-changing. Although base principles stay the same, people’s purchasing habits are constantly shifting along with culture and society. The communication between marketers and consumers is one that is vital to a company and can be the difference between success and failure. Through analyzing the TED Talk â€Å"What Physics Taught Me About Marketing† by Dan Cobley, it is apparent that there is always a thing or two to learn in our own discourse communities. Cobley not only explainsRead MoreCompare Modernist and Symbolic Interpretive in Different Aspect1655 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In this modern era, the global business environment is changing so fast that organizations need to manage differently to suit customers’ unlimited wants. Organization theory is an area of study where organizations are the phenomenon of interest for theory that applies to everybody. Organization are defined as a consciously coordinated social entity, with a relatively, identifiable boundary that performs upon consciously basis to accomplish a mutual goal. Organizations are structuredRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Poverty1609 Words   |  7 Pagesaltered through the later. Organism’s genetic makeup can be altered through â€Å"natural† means such as selective breeding, whereas â€Å"synthetic† means occurs through human intervention with biotechnology in a laboratory. I use both terms loosely in my explanation of the controversy, because it is the distinct separation of natural versus synthetic that generates the issue. The reason why I dislike the terms â €Å"natural† and â€Å"synthetic† is because natural has come to mean through spontaneous biological and environmental

Auditing Reflection - 1208 Words

INTRODUCTION This report consists of 5 reflections related to auditing standards and each case was extracted from internet sources. The purpose of this report is to reflect and understand each case. REFLECTIONS First reflection is on China sky case for its non-compliances with SGX. Next is the case on corporate governance where new rules were proposed to improve risk management and risk control. Third will be the extracted information of executives’ compensation in Australian companies. Then, the forth reflection is talking about the famous McKesson Robbins scandal. Lastly, it was a reflection on China Shenghuo Pharmaceutical Holdings,Inc, a trade receivables fraud was detected by Cohen Milstein.†¦show more content†¦Hence, auditors will reduce reliance on substantive tests of transactions and account balances. 5 REFLECTION 4 a) The McKesson Robbins scandal was one of the famous financial frauds of the 20th century. In 1925, the company McKesson Robbins was taken over by Philip Musica in 1925 whose assumed name F. Donald Coster, to conceal his criminal record and true identity. He used his bootlegging profits from his another company Adelphi Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, to buy over McKesson Robbins and he was successful in expanding the company. With 2 brothers in-charge of McKesson Robbins shipping department and assistant treasurer, and the other brother placed outside the company, they have generated bogus sales documentation. Despite the success, the bogus sales were then discovered by its treasurer. The Securities and Exchange Commission opened an investigation and Musica committed suicide before he was arrested. b) The company had a fictitious asset of 19milion, which consists of inventories, accounts receivable, and cash. This was largely due: i) Inadequate procedures in performing bank reconciliation of significant accounts like inventories. ii) Management override of controls iii) There was little or no segregation of duties within a significant account. iv) Ineffective designed internal control over the preparation of financial statements being audited. v) Those charged with governance was unable toShow MoreRelatedThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sox )1526 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity â€Æ' Introduction The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 was implemented to deter fraudulent activities amongst companies by monitoring and auditing financial activities as well as set up internal controls to aid in the safeguard of company funds and investor’s interest. SOX also regulates the non-audit tax services (NATS) that can be performed by an auditing firm. SOX was passed by Congress in 2002 in an attempt to address the unethical behaviors of corporate firms such as Enron, WorldCom, SunbeamRead MoreAuditors And The International Financial Reporting Standards1703 Words   |  7 Pagesof the financial statements. Audit controversy leads to waste of time, increase in agency cost and interferes with the firms public image. Therefore, it’s in the best interest of the shareholders to defend the name of the firm by addressing the auditing controversy in the firm. In addition, it’s in the best interest of shareholders for the company to resolve its disputes quickly, inexpensively with reduced risk so that the firm can do better in the future. Alternative dispute resolving mechanismsRead MoreJob Description Of An Accounting System885 Words   |  4 PagesSystems Auditor examines accounting records and management systems to assess their efficiency and determine whether they are working as expected or not. 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Therefore the important question is what does the actual auditing look like in this big data world? The answer to this question is very simple but different indeed. The quantity of data available to companies and as per the production, replacement of the paper trails with the records of IT and cloud storage is affecting the process of auditing but on the same side, big data is bringing them all together at the same time. This is the reason why today

Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools Free Essays

Children should be allowed to use their mobile phones in class because they can serve as ‘learning aids’, a study claims today. Academics are calling on schools to rethink bans on phone handsets after trials suggested that functions such as calculators, stopwatches and email can be ‘educational’. However, the call is certain to infuriate many teachers and parents, who will be concerned that pupils will be unable to resist the temptation to put the devices to less productive uses, such as cyber-bullying or cheating in tests. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now During a nine-month experiment involving classes aged 14 to 16, pupils either used their own mobiles in lessons or the new generation of ‘ smartphones’ which allow internet connection. They were used to create short films, set homework reminders, record a teacher reading a poem and time experiments with the phones’ stopwatches. The smartphones also allowed pupils to access revision websites, log into the school email system, or transfer electronic files between school and home. The study by researchers at Nottingham University involved 331 pupils in schools in Cambridgeshire, West Berkshire and Nottingham. ‘At the start of the study, even pupils were often surprised at the thought that mobile phones could be used for learning,’ Dr Elizabeth Hartnell-Young will tell the annual conference of the British Educational Research Association in Edinburgh later today. ‘After their hands-on experience, almost all pupils said they had enjoyed the project and felt more motivated. One teacher told researchers that students like mobiles and they know how to use them. ‘Using this technology gives them more freedom to express themselves without needing to be constantly supervised,’ the teacher said. However, the report admits that some teachers think greater use of mobile phones in schools could prove problematic. Increased temptation to steal phones belonging to the school was one worry. ‘I thought, well, four of these smartphonesâ₠¬ ¦ How to cite Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools, Essay examples Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools Free Essays Mobile phones are extremely helpful after school when you’re travelling home. Your parent/ guardian can contact you regarding family matters and also after school if you have to walk your parent can phone you to make sure you’re secure. Likewise Mobile phones also provide safety and protection in times of need. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now If for example you are in danger of some sort you can phone someone quickly and inconspicuously. In addition if the child goes missing the police can track the mobile and parents can check in on the Childs location. Also mobiles can help if there is an emergency; your parents can phone you direct instead of phoning the office which would take longer. This would be more effective because your parent can tell you exactly what’s going on instead of having a message passed to you. If for example your Gran was ill in hospital your mum or dad etc. could phone or text you updates through out the day. Mobiles also brings families together –They don’t seem to have much time to spend together anymore due to overtime and after-school activities, having the ability to communicate with any one of your family member helps bringing families together. Similarly if you forget something important like homework or your lunch you can contact your parent /guardian and they can drop it off. This would help when you have an important essay, for example, due but you forgot it at home. This would help make sure that all your homework is on time and would help teachers when they have to mark homework. Likewise if you are unwell in school, you can phone your parent to let them know. This would be helpful because your parent would be able to pick you up or can tell you what to do. Moreover mobile phones could save money because they could be used as calculators and can be used to record/ write notes. This would save a lot of money on paper which would make the school more eco friendly and money could be used on other equipment instead of just calculators which can be found on all phones, although teachers would have to supervise and trust pupils not to stray from the task. Another benefit would be that pupils can record important dates in their phone to help with important deadlines and exams. A final reason is that mobiles could be used for a wide range of educational purposes, including creating short movies, setting homework reminders, recording a teacher reading a poem and timing science experiments. Mobiles which can connect to the internet, also allowed pupils to access revision websites, log into the school email system, or transfer electronic files between school and home. Experts have claimed that using a mobile gains children’s confidence because the technology is familiar to them. How to cite Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools, Essay examples

Business Development Strategy to Fly High-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Business Development Strategy to Fly High. Answer: Introduction: The paper aims to study the operations of international projects taking the competitive market of airlines manufacturing as the background. The case study, which forms the substratum, mentions three companies, which give direction to the study. Murasaki Aircraft Corporation (MAC) with its strong shareholder base of MNCs like Toyota and already in the regional jet industry is seeking to enter international aircraft market. The CEO of the company wants to find out strategies to enter international market following the style of irbus and Boeing but wants to avoid their flaws. This intention of the CEO forms the basis of the sections, which make up the study. The section deals with the brief study of Airbus and Boeing, their ambitious aircraft building projects and their flaws in managing those projects. The next section elaborates these flaws to out lessons, which Murasaki must learn from the mistakes of Airbus and Boeing. The final section consists of recommendations for the airlines c ompany based on these learnings. The recommendations unlike the learning section go beyond the flaws of the two aircraft-manufacturing giants namely, Airbus and Boeing. The section also covers aspects like marketing and international expansion, which Murasaki can adopt to strengthen its operations. Project Management Cycle of A380 aircraft and Boeings 787 Dreamliner and outcome: The strategic management of A380 aircraft shows that the French airline manufacturing company Airbus uses advanced methodology to control the airline manufacturing operations. Airbus controls project management cycle at every stage including initiating the manufacturing projects worth millions of dollars, planning of manufacturing operations, execution. The efficient project management procedure spans over the areas like monitoring and control but does not include closing of these projects.A380 manufacturing project was one of the most ambitious projects and the company chose to partner with German airline manufacturing company Hamburg to ensure successful execution of the project. However, the consortium of the French and German was not as successful due to conflict between them. There were several flaws due to lack of cooperation among the management of Airbus and Hamburg. Hamburg designed advanced software for the use of the aircrafts but the same was not compatible with the older versions, which were already in use by the French airline company. This prevented smooth flow of project related between the two companies. The outcome of the lack of communication and collaboration between Airbus and Hamburg resulted prevention of installation of parts into the bodies of the airbuses. This ultimately led to halting of production of the ambitious A380 aircraft and Airbus suffered a loss of over $6 billion. The final outcome of Airbus to manage the A380 project was that the company had to postpone the delivery of the aircrafts to its esteemed client Singapore Airlines by two years (company.airbus.com, 2017). Boeings 787 Dreamliner is one of the ambitious projects taken by the American airline manufacturer Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Dreamliner 787 was the first plane with a fuselage having a composite barrel in the place of old-fashioned aluminium sheets used by the existing aircrafts during that time. The makers, Boeing Commercial spent a huge amount amount of money to money to manufacture the airplane and collaborated with international partners like NASA Ames Research Center. The company in order to ensure to accurately execute the project entered into subcontracting with Mitsubishi heavy industries of Japan and Korea Aerospace Industries of South Korea. The project execution of Dreamline 787 cost an estimated Boeing $ 32 billion (Boeing.com. 2017). The cost of purchase to obtain the expensive components exceeded the cost of purchase of its assembly facilities. The airways as result started suffering heavy loss on each aircrafts it manufactured. JPMorgan Chase estimated that BOEING s uffered a loss of $45 million per aircraft. The aircraft manufacturer started incurring heavy losses on each of its delivery of its airbuses to its clients. The outcome of the losses resulted in high operating costs of manufacturing aircrafts for Boeing and the company was forced to cut its operations and production costs to make up the losses. Another significant factor that led to tremendous loss to the ambitious project of Boeing 787 was the increasing competition from Airbus 380. The outcome of the excessive cost of production was that the company started to increase the production of Boeing 787 and sell them in the market to make the loss up. The company aims to add a hundred aircrafts to its current fleet by the end of 2017 (Airbus-dscomm.com. 2017). Lessons learnt from these two airline makers: Murasaki Aircraft Corporation (MAC) wants to enter the manufacture of medium sized passenger carrier market. The management of the company must take the following lesson from the flaws committed by big players like Boeing and Airbus and and their outcomes: Lesson 1: The project management history of manufacture of Airbus 380 and Boeing 787 has important lessons Murasaki Aircraft Corporation (MAC) can learn. Airbus in order to manage, plan and execute its ambitious aircraft project opted for partnership strategy. The partnership strategy the company chose to manufacture Airbus 380 was consortium with Hamburg of Germany. This strategy was apparently very promising and profitable for both Airbus and Hamburg. However, the lack of communication and collaboration between the apex management bodies of the two companies led to application of faulty technology. Airbus used the old version of software while Hamburg used newer version of the same software (Airbus.com. 2017). However, the two versions did not prove compatible which resulted in hindrance in further advancement of the project management of building Airbus. Murasaki Aircraft Corporation while manufacturing medium sized passenger jet should be careful while choosing the mode of management of it s ambitious project. The case study shows that MAC has stake owners like Mitsubishi Corporation and Toyota Motor Corporation. The management of the company would take prudent decisions if it enters into partnership with its stakeholders. The stakeholders Mitsubishi and Toyota are stakeholders of MAC. As a result, give more support to the latter, if they enter into partnerships. This is because they as stakeholders would want MAC to operate more successfully in order to gain more capital maximisation. MAC can enter into partnerships with external organisations to make medium size aircrafts only after it gain considerable penetration in the competitive market of international aircraft manufacturing. The first Murasaki Aircraft Corporation can learn from the management faults of Airbus is that; it must first gain competitive advantage in the international aircraft manufacturing market. This will entitle the company to gain equal position and say in the partnership (Kerzner 2013). Lesson 2: The history of Airbus reveals that the management bodies of Airbus and its partner suffered from flaws like lack of communication and collaboration. They kept on blaming each others strategies, which ultimately led to various defects. The conflict of interest caused huge gap in the flow of communication. This conflict blocked sharing of knowledge and technology between the two partners. Since, modern aircraft is largely dependent on flow of knowledge and technology, this blockage jeopardised installing advanced on the aircrafts. This led to Airbus delaying its delivery of aircrafts to its customer Singapore by two years, which caused losses worth millions. The lesson MAX can learn from this mistake is that while management of aircraft manufacturing project with third party firms, the management should maintain strong communication with the management of the partner (Schwalbe 2015). This would lead to smooth flow of information and technology between the two partners. The management o f manufacturing project should take place under close supervision of the two partners. This would lead to reduction of wastage, more accurate and dynamic decision-making and cost management that would allow both the companies to gain cost efficiency in production of aircraft. Lesson 3: The third lesson Murasaki should learn while manufacturing airplane manufacturing project is that it must manage costs very effectively. The history of Boeing 787 shows that the manufacturing company of the aircraft, Boeing Commercial Airplanes did not keep sufficient control over the budget and the expenses. The company invested a huge amount of money towards subcontracting and testing the aircraft. The company started incurring losses on delivery of the aircrafts, which were several times the projected profits. Murasaki being a new company in commercial airplane manufacturing market should not invest excessive cost on testing and promoting the aircrafts. The company should instead choose economic ways of manufacturing aircrafts by keeping the cost of production low and making low cost flights. The company can launch on manufacturing ambitious aircrafts only after it succeeds in earning profits and gaining commanding position in the international market (Fleming and Koppelman 2016). Lesson 4: The fourth lesson that Murasaki can learn is that it should make strategies to counteract challenges from the competitors during the project execution stage. The history f production of Boeing shows that the company had to cut the sale price, which inhibited the company from earning profit from sale of expensive Boeing aircrafts. Murasaki should enter the market by producing low priced aircrafts. This will enable the costs of production to be lowered in order to save expenditure. Again, in order to gain stronger competitive advantage in the market must be able to lower the prices. This strategy would prevent the company from incurring losses due to reduction of sale price to be more competitive (Shenhar et al., 2016). Recommendations in strategies to MAC: Murasaki has four lessons to learn from Airbus and Being. First, it must be careful while choosing the mode of project management operations to produce middle range aircrafts like entering into partnerships with external firms other than the shareholders like Mitsubishi and Toyota. Second, the management of MCA should maintain strong communications with the partnership firm(s) and control over the aircraft-manufacturing project. The third lesson is that Murasaki should not invest excessive amount of capital into operations and manufacture of aircrafts in the initial stage. The fourth lesson is that the company should enter the aircraft market with low priced aircrafts. The following recommendations can be made in the light of these four lessons to Lissane regarding business expansion of Muraki sans the mistakes of Boeing and Airbus: Making marketing a part of the project management strategy: A study of the history of Airbus and Boeing project management procedure and flaws bears no mention about marketing of the airbuses during their manufacture. Murasaki should combine marketing with its airplane-manufacturing plan. This will allow the company in multiple ways. First, marketing the aircraft nationally and internationally would create huge market which help the company attract customers. As a result, the company can earn more profit by offering its new products to the clients. Secondly, earning huge revenue would help the company to distribute its expenditure over this huge body of revenue. As a result, it would able to lower its sale price and gain economies of scale. These two strategies would help Mursaki to earn high competitive position in the market. Continue production of regional jets and international standard aircrafts: Murasaki should continue production of its traditional product, regional jets and the international standard aircrafts to compete with Airbus and Boeing simultaneously. Production and sale of regional jet would generate continuous revenue. The company can generate this revenue towards strengthening of manufacture of the international style jet crafts. Secondly, the company is already in production of jet and has customers in the local market. This customer base can provide Murasaki with references in international airlines companies, which can help it to secure orders for Airbus style international aircraft more easily. As a result, it would be able to charge higher prices for the aircrafts and earn higher profits. Thus the company can secure high competitive position in the national and international market. Expansion into the developed and emerging markets: Murasaki must expand into both the developed and emerging markets to gain competitive advantage in the competitive international market. Airbus and Boeing serves clients from both western markets like British Airways and eastern markets like India and China. This will enable the airline to gain dominance in both eastern and western markets. References: Ahmed, S. and Zlate, A., 2014. Capital flows to emerging market economies: A brave new world?.Journal of International Money and Finance,48, pp.221-248. Ahmed, S. and Zlate, A., 2014. Capital flows to emerging market economies: A brave new world?.Journal of International Money and Finance,48, pp.221-248. Airbus.com. (2017).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/backgrounders/Airbus_Global_Market_Forecast_2017-2036_Growing_Horizons_full_book.pdf [Accessed 5 Nov. 2017]. Airbus-dscomm.com. (2017).Airbus DS Communications (formerly Cassidian Communications), The leading provider of mission critical communications and response technology for public safety business continuity and homeland defense. [online] Available at: https://airbus-dscomm.com/services/project-management.php [Accessed 5 Nov. 2017]. Boeing.com. (2017).Boeing: Airline Strategies and Business Models. [online] Available at: https://www.boeing.com/commercial/market/long-term-market/airline-strategies-and-business-models/ [Accessed 5 Nov. 2017]. Brenes, E.R., Montoya, D. and Ciravegna, L., 2014. Differentiation strategies in emerging markets: The case of Latin American agribusinesses.Journal of Business Research,67(5), pp.847-855. Denning, S. 2013. What went wrong at boeing.Strategy Leadership.41(3): 36-41. Elahi, E., Sheikhzadeh, M. and Lamba, N. 2014. An Integrated Outsourcing Framework: Analyzing Boeing's Outsourcing Program for Dreamliner (B787).Knowledge and Process Management.21(1): 1328 Fleming, Q.W. and Koppelman, J.M., 2016, December. Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Hinterhuber, A. and Liozu, S.M., 2014. Is innovation in pricing your next source of competitive advantage?.Business Horizons,57(3), pp.413-423. irbusgroup. (2017).Job Search. [online] Available at: https://company.airbus.com/careers/jobs-and-applications/search-for-vacancies~jobid=001A4B0A914A1EE7ABE74DF4D9218E01~.html [Accessed 5 Nov. 2017]. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Laszlo, C. and Zhexembayeva, N., 2017.Embedded sustainability: The next big competitive advantage. Routledge. Leach, L.P., 2014.Critical chain project management. Artech House. MarketLine Case Study. 2012.Boeing Case Study. The 787 Dreamliner. Accessed 22 February, 2016. Rivoli, P., 2014.The travels of a t-shirt in the global economy: An economist examines the markets, power, and politics of world trade. New preface and epilogue with updates on economic issues and main characters. John Wiley Sons. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Shenhar, A. J., Holzmann, V., Melamed, B. and Zhao, Y. 2016. The Challenge of Innovation in Highly Complex Projects: What Can We Learn from Boeing's Dreamliner Experience?.Project Management Journal.47(2): 6278. Shenhar, A.J., Holzmann, V., Melamed, B. and Zhao, Y., 2016. The Challenge of Innovation in Highly Complex Projects: What Can We Learn from Boeing's Dreamliner Experience?.Project Management Journal,47(2), pp.62-78. Suri, R., 2016.It's about time: the competitive advantage of quick response manufacturing. CRC Press.